Socioeconomic Status, Lifestyle and Coping Strategies During COVID-19 Outbreak

Document Type : Empirical Studies

Authors

1 M.A in General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

2 Psychology Department, Allameh Tabatabai University

3 Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Allameh Tabatabai University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

This study was aimed at investigating the association between socioeconomic status, lifestyle and coping strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak. The study was conducted within the framework of a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational research design in the period from July to February 2020. The research population consisted of all the individuals in Tehran who were in home quarantine during the outbreak of corona virus. The research sample was comprised of 384 people who were quarantined at home for 6 months during the COVID-19 pandemic and were selected for the study by using the convenience sampling method. For data collection, Socioeconomic Status Questionnaire, the Lifestyle Questionnaire by La'li et al., and Jalowiec Coping Scale were used. As for data analysis, the Pearson correlation method and stepwise regression analysis were applied in the inferential section in order to investigate the relationship between the variables, while observing the relevant assumptions. The results demonstrated that the predictor variable of socioeconomic status had a significant correlation with the criterion variables of constructive coping strategies (0.488) and non-constructive coping strategies (-0.460) at a significance level of 0.001. Furthermore, the predictor variable of lifestyle had a correlation coefficient of -0.457 with non-constructive coping strategies and 0.407 with constructive coping strategies. Based on the research findings, it can be inferred that people with low socioeconomic status were mentally less healthy during the corona virus pandemic and also that people with healthier lifestyles used more constructive coping strategies.

Keywords

Socioeconomic Status, Lifestyle and Coping Strategies During COVID-19 Outbreak © 2022 by Amin Ahmadi, Zohreh Rafezi, Ahmad Borjali is licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0 

References

Bavel, J., Baicker, K., Boggio, P. S., Capraro, V., Cichocka, A., Cikara, M., Crockett, M. J., Crum, A. J., Douglas, K. M., Druckman, J. N., Drury, J., Dube, O., Ellemers, N., Finkel, E. J., Fowler, J. H., Gelfand, M., Han, S., Haslam, S. A., Jetten, J., Kitayama, S., … Willer, R. (2020). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature human behaviour, 4(5), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0884-z.
Bazrafshan, M., Delam, H. (2020). Using Ineffective Coping Strategies for Facing With COVID-19. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research, 7(2), 52-52. doi: 10.34172/ijer.2020.10
Bernard Stoecklin, S., Rolland, P., Silue, Y., Mailles, A., Campese, C., Simondon, A., Mechain, M., Meurice, L., Nguyen, M., Bassi, C., Yamani, E., Behillil, S., Ismael, S., Nguyen, D., Malvy, D., Lescure, F. X., Georges, S., Lazarus, C., Tabaï, A., Stempfelet, M., … Investigation Team (2020). First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in France: surveillance, investigations and control measures, January 2020. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 25(6), 2000094. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000094
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet.
Chinazzi, M., Davis, J. T., Ajelli, M., Gioannini, C., Litvinova, M., Merler, S., Pastore Y Piontti, A., Mu, K., Rossi, L., Sun, K., Viboud, C., Xiong, X., Yu, H., Halloran, M. E., Longini, I. M., Jr, & Vespignani, A. (2020). The effect of travel restrictions on the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. Science (New York, N.Y.), 368(6489), 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba9757.
Caplan, L. J., & Schooler, C. (2007). Socioeconomic Status and Financial Coping Strategies: The Mediating Role of Perceived Control. Social Psychology Quarterly, 70(1), 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000106
Colizza, V., Barrat, A., Barthelemy, M., Valleron, A. J., & Vespignani, A. (2007). Modeling the worldwide spread of pandemic influenza: baseline case and containment interventions. PLoS medicine, 4(1), e13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040013.
de Groot, R. J., Baker, S. C., Baric, R. S., Brown, C. S., Drosten, C., Enjuanes, L., Fouchier, R. A., Galiano, M., Gorbalenya, A. E., Memish, Z. A., Perlman, S., Poon, L. L., Snijder, E. J., Stephens, G. M., Woo, P. C., Zaki, A. M., Zambon, M., & Ziebuhr, J. (2013). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. Journal of virology, 87(14), 7790–7792. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01244-13.
Firth, J., Siddiqi, N., Koyanagi, A., Siskind, D., Rosenbaum, S., Galletly, C., Allan, S., Caneo, C., Carney, R., Carvalho, A. F., Chatterton, M. L., Correll, C. U., Curtis, J., Gaughran, F., Heald, A., Hoare, E., Jackson, S. E., Kisely, S., Lovell, K., Maj, M., … Stubbs, B. (2019). The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. The lancet. Psychiatry, 6(8), 675–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30132-4
GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators (2018). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet (London, England), 392(10159), 1923–1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6
Gopalan, H. S., & Misra, A. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and challenges for socio-economic issues, healthcare and National Health Programs in India. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 14(5), 757–759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.041
Jahangir F, Bazrafshan M, Zangouei A, Raeisi T. Comparison of coping mechanisms used by suicidal attempt patients, and those without suicidal history, Hormozgan Med J. 2009 ; 13(2):e88646.
Hosseiny, M., Kooraki, S., Gholamrezanezhad, A., Reddy, S., & Myers, L. (2020). Radiology Perspective of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons From Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. AJR. American journal of roentgenology, 214(5), 1078–1082. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.22969
Hua Yu, Mingli Li, Zhixiong Li et al. Coping style, social support and psychological distress in the general Chinese population in the early stages of the COVID-2019 epidemic, 01 April 2020, PREPRINT (Version 2) available at Research Square [+https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-20397/v2+]
Hu, Z., Lin, X., Chiwanda Kaminga, A., & Xu, H. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on Lifestyle Behaviors and Their Association With Subjective Well-Being Among the General Population in Mainland China: Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of medical Internet research, 22(8), e21176. https://doi.org/10.2196/21176
Jalowiec A, Murphy SP, Powers MJ. (1984). Psychometric assessment of the Jalowiec Coping Scale. Nurs Res.; 33: 157– 161.
Koosha M, Haghighat S, Karampoor R, Shekarbeygi A, Bahrami A, Tafazzoli-Harandi H et al . Evaluation of Socio-economic Status and its Impact on coping Behavior of Patients with Breast Cancer. ijbd. 2017; 9 (4) :15-25URL: http://ijbd.ir/article-1-580-fa.html
Larsson, S. C., Kaluza, J., & Wolk, A. (2017). Combined impact of healthy lifestyle factors on lifespan: two prospective cohorts. Journal of internal medicine, 282(3), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12637
Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, et al. Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
Mukhtar S. (2020). Mental Health and Psychosocial Aspects of Coronavirus Outbreak in Pakistan: Psychological Intervention for Public Mental Health Crisis. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102069
Naeim M. (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak provides a unique platform to review behavioral changes in Iran. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102090
Naguy, A., Moodliar-Rensburg, S., & Alamiri, B. (2020). Coronaphobia and chronophobia - A psychiatric perspective. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 102050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102050
Nicola, M., Alsafi, Z., Sohrabi, C., Kerwan, A., Al-Jabir, A., Iosifidis, C., Agha, M., & Agha, R. (2020). The socio-economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19): A review. International journal of surgery (London, England), 78, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.04.018
Ntoumanis, N., Edmunds, J., & Duda, J. L. (2009). Understanding the coping process from a self-determination theory perspective. British journal of health psychology, 14(Pt 2), 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910708X349352
Rajkumar R. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian journal of psychiatry, 52, 102066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
Roohafza, H., Sadeghi, M., Shirani, S., Bahonar, A., Mackie, M., & Sarafzadegan, N. (2009). Association of socioeconomic status and life-style factors with coping strategies in Isfahan Healthy Heart Program, Iran. Croatian medical journal, 50(4), 380–386. https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2009.50.380
Sarason IG, Sarason BR. Abnormal Psychology: The Problem of Maladaptive Behavior. 7th ed. Prentice Hall; 2008.
Sarris, J., Logan, A. C., Akbaraly, T. N., Amminger, G. P., Balanzá-Martínez, V., Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J., Matsuoka, Y., Mischoulon, D., Mizoue, T., Nanri, A., Nishi, D., Ramsey, D., Rucklidge, J. J., Sanchez-Villegas, A., Scholey, A., Su, K. P., Jacka, F. N., & International Society for Nutritional Psychiatry Research (2015). Nutritional medicine as mainstream in psychiatry. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(3), 271–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00051-0
Singhal, T. A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 87, 281–286 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6
Shah, K., Kamrai, D., Mekala, H., Mann, B., Desai, K., & Patel, R. S. (2020). Focus on Mental Health During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Applying Learnings from the Past Outbreaks. Cureus, 12(3), e7405. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7405
Torales, J., O'Higgins, M., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., & Ventriglio, A. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19 coronavirus and its impact on global mental health. The International journal of social psychiatry, 66(4), 317–320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020915212
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8
Xiang, Y. T., Jin, Y., & Cheung, T. (2020). Joint International Collaboration to Combat Mental Health Challenges During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA psychiatry, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.1057
Zandifar, A., & Badrfam, R. (2020). Iranian mental health during the COVID-19 epidemic. Asian journal of psychiatry, 51, 101990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101990
Mental Health: Research and Practice
Volume 1, Issue 2
October 2022
Pages 20-27

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 03 July 2022
  • Revise Date: 26 October 2022
  • Accept Date: 26 October 2022

Share

How to cite

Statistics